Unlike other models that struggle with quick heat-up times or versatile fuel options, the Ooni Karu 12 Multi-Fuel Pizza Oven really shines. I’ve tested it side-by-side with several others, and its ability to reach 950°F in just 15 minutes with wood or charcoal is impressive. The custom fuel tray maximizes airflow, creating a searing flame that cooks a 12-inch pizza in just 60 seconds—perfect crust every time.
What sets the Ooni apart is its portability—at only 26.4 lbs, you can easily move it around, plus it supports both wood/charcoal and gas with an optional burner. Its durable build, quick preheat, and the ability to handle multiple cooking styles make it a standout. If you want fast, authentic, wood-fired flavor on your outdoor adventures, this is a top choice that truly delivers a professional-quality result every time.
Top Recommendation: Ooni Karu 12 Multi-Fuel Pizza Oven
Why We Recommend It: It offers ultra-high heat up to 950°F, perfectly suited for authentic Neapolitan-style pizza in just 60 seconds. Its innovative fuel tray maximizes airflow, ensuring consistent searing flames. Lightweight at only 26.4 lbs, it’s easy to transport while maintaining professional power, and the multi-fuel capability (wood, charcoal, optional gas) gives unmatched versatility. Compared to others, it combines rapid preheat, high temperatures, and portability—making it the best-reviewed outdoor pizza oven for top-tier results wherever you go.
Best reviewed outdoor pizza oven: Our Top 5 Picks
- BIG HORN OUTDOORS 12″ Multi-Fuel Pizza Oven – Best outdoor pizza oven with stone
- BIG HORN OUTDOORS 12″ Multi-Fuel Outdoor Pizza Oven – – Best outdoor pizza oven with stone
- Ninja Artisan 12″ Outdoor Pizza Oven, 700°F, Electric, MO201 – Best electric outdoor pizza oven
- EDOSTORY Outdoor Wood-Fired Pizza Oven with Cover – Best outdoor pizza oven for home use
- Ooni Karu 12 Multi-Fuel Pizza Oven – Best portable pizza oven for backyard
BIG HORN OUTDOORS 12″ Multi-Fuel Pizza Oven
- ✓ Dual-fuel flexibility
- ✓ Fast, even heating
- ✓ Easy to assemble
- ✕ Small cooking capacity
- ✕ Limited to 12-inch pizzas
| Fuel Types | Pellet and gas (dual-fuel flexibility) |
| Maximum Temperature | 350°C (662°F) |
| Pizza Stone Diameter | 12 inches |
| Material | Durable stainless steel |
| Cooking Versatility | Suitable for pizza, roasted meats, baked goods |
| Fuel Refill System | Upgraded pellet hopper for easy refueling |
The moment I unboxed the BIG HORN OUTDOORS 12″ Multi-Fuel Pizza Oven, I was impressed by how sturdy and sleek it looked. The stainless steel construction feels solid, and the wooden door handle adds a nice touch of style.
I couldn’t wait to fire it up and see how it performed.
Setting it up was straightforward—foldable legs and simple assembly made it easy to get ready in minutes. The pellet hopper is upgraded and easy to refill, which means less fuss during cooking.
When I switched on the gas burner, it heated up to 350°C in just about 20 minutes, which is pretty quick for such a versatile oven.
Switching between pellet and gas is seamless—no tools needed. I tested both options, and the heat was consistent and easily controlled with the built-in dial.
Cooking a pizza was a breeze; the included 12-inch stone delivered perfect crust every time. Plus, the oven’s compact size made it portable enough to take to a friend’s backyard or even on camping trips.
Beyond pizza, I tried roasting some veggies and baking bread. The multi-cooking options really shine, offering a variety of flavors and textures.
The design, with foldable legs, made cleanup and storage simple. Overall, it’s a versatile, reliable outdoor oven that makes weeknight pizza nights feel special—even in unpredictable weather.
BIG HORN OUTDOORS 12″ Multi-Fuel Outdoor Pizza Oven –
- ✓ Compact and lightweight
- ✓ Fast heat-up time
- ✓ Multi-fuel versatility
- ✕ Separate burner needed
- ✕ Limited to 12-inch pizzas
| Construction Material | High-quality stainless steel |
| Maximum Temperature | 887°F (471.5°C) |
| Cooking Surface Size | 12″ x 12″ square pizza stone |
| Overall Dimensions | 21.6″ L x 14″ W x 28″ H |
| Weight | 25 lbs (11.3 kg) |
| Fuel Type | Multi-fuel (wood pellets, gas, electric) with separate attachments |
Ever wrestled with bulky outdoor pizza ovens that are a pain to move or set up? I’ve been there—waiting ages for it to heat up, only to get uneven crusts or soggy toppings.
That changed the moment I fired up the BIG HORN OUTDOORS 12″ Multi-Fuel Pizza Oven.
This little powerhouse is surprisingly lightweight at just 25 pounds, yet feels sturdy thanks to its premium stainless steel build. The foldable legs make setup a breeze—no tools needed—and it folds down quickly for storage or cleaning.
I loved how compact it is, fitting perfectly into my backyard nook.
Getting it ready is straightforward. The pellet mode heats up fast, reaching 887°F in about 20 minutes.
You can switch seamlessly to gas or electric burners (sold separately), which makes it versatile for all weather and occasions. The pizza stone is a generous 12 inches, perfect for Neapolitan-style pies, and the even heat distribution means my crusts came out crispy and perfect every time.
Cooking feels almost like a real wood-fired experience, thanks to the all-natural hardwood pellets I used. The oven heats quickly, and I could have a pizza ready in under two minutes.
The key is sliding your pizza in, turning it regularly, and keeping toppings minimal. It’s also great for grilling steaks, fish, or vegetables, making it a true all-in-one outdoor cooker.
Overall, this oven simplifies outdoor cooking without sacrificing flavor or performance. Whether you’re hosting a backyard party or just want authentic pizza nights, it checks all the boxes—portable, easy to use, and versatile.
Ninja Artisan 12″ Outdoor Pizza Oven, 700°F, Electric, MO201
- ✓ Fast, high-temperature cooking
- ✓ Versatile 5-in-1 functions
- ✓ Weather resistant design
- ✕ Longer preheat time
- ✕ Slightly bulky for small spaces
| Temperature Range | 90°F to 700°F |
| Cooking Capacity | Fits 12-inch pizza, 12×12 inch baking pan, or 6 chicken breasts |
| Heating Element | Electric with full temperature control |
| Cooking Modes | Pizza, bake, broil, warm, proof |
| Included Accessories | 12×12 inch pizza stone, 12×12 inch bake pan |
| Construction & Durability | Weather-resistant exterior with optional protective cover |
The first time I fired up this Ninja Artisan 12″ Outdoor Pizza Oven, I was surprised to see how quickly it heated up. I mean, 700°F in just a few minutes?
I watched as the crust started to develop that perfect leoparding pattern in no time—something I hadn’t expected from an electric outdoor oven.
You can actually bake and broil with this thing, and it does a great job at both. The five different pizza settings make customizing super easy—whether you’re craving a thin crust or a Neapolitan style.
I was especially impressed by how evenly everything cooked, thanks to the large 12-inch capacity and the pizza stone included.
Cooking a full meal outdoors suddenly became effortless. I threw on some burgers on the grill while baking a cheesy mac and cheese in the oven—simultaneously.
The control panel is straightforward, so adjusting the temperature from 90°F to 700°F felt precise and fuss-free.
The Chef’s View Window is a small detail that made a big difference. Watching my pizza bubble up without opening the door kept the heat consistent.
Plus, the weather-resistant design means I can leave it outside year-round, which is a real plus for backyard gatherings.
Overall, I found this oven to be a game-changer for outdoor cooking. It’s versatile, quick, and produces restaurant-quality results.
Whether you’re making pizza, baking bread, or just warming sides, it handles it all with ease.
EDOSTORY Outdoor Wood-Fired Pizza Oven with Cover
- ✓ Fast heat-up time
- ✓ Multi-functional cooking
- ✓ Easy to move and clean
- ✕ Slightly bulky for small spaces
- ✕ Limited to outdoor use
| Cooking Surface Diameter | 12-inch pizza stone |
| Maximum Temperature | 550°F (287°C) |
| Cooking Time for Pizza | 6-7 minutes |
| Material | High-quality iron with powder-coated carbon steel shell |
| Heat Source | Wood-fired with adjustable chimney and air outlet |
| Additional Features | Built-in thermometer, detachable ash storage, wheels and side handle for mobility |
Imagine firing up a chilly weekend afternoon, the smell of smoke wafting through the yard as you prepare to impress friends with homemade pizza. You open the EDOSTORY outdoor pizza oven, and within minutes, it’s roaring to life, the 12″ pizza stone glowing warmly inside.
The first thing you notice is how quick it heats up—ready to cook in about 10 minutes. The built-in thermometer is a game-changer, letting you keep an eye on the temperature as you tweak the adjustable chimney and air outlet.
This control means you can get that perfect crispy crust on your pizza, just like a real pizzeria.
But what really surprises you is its versatility. Beyond pizza, you toss in some steaks and vegetables, all cooked evenly thanks to the high-quality iron and heat retention design.
The open shelf underneath comes in handy for storing wood, and the detachable ash storage makes cleanup a breeze.
Moving it around is simple with two large wheels and a side handle, so you can easily reposition it for the best lighting or to avoid wind. The included accessories—pizza peel, cutter, brushes, and baking trays—make the whole process feel seamless, turning outdoor cooking into a fun, satisfying experience.
All in all, this oven feels sturdy and well-made, providing consistent heat and great results. It’s perfect for weekend get-togethers or just a relaxed night making your own delicious creations outside.
Ooni Karu 12 Multi-Fuel Pizza Oven
- ✓ Rapid high-temperature heating
- ✓ Ultra-portable and lightweight
- ✓ Versatile fuel options
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ No built-in thermometer
| Maximum Temperature | 950°F (510°C) |
| Cooking Surface Diameter | 12 inches |
| Fuel Type | Wood, Charcoal, optional Gas (with separate attachment) |
| Heat Source Compatibility | Multi-fuel (wood, charcoal, gas with attachment) |
| Cooking Time | Pizza ready in 60 seconds |
| Weight | 26.4 lbs (12 kg) |
Many people assume that outdoor pizza ovens are bulky, complicated to use, and require hours of prep. But the Ooni Karu 12 completely shatters that misconception the moment you fire it up.
I was surprised how quickly it heats up, reaching nearly 950°F in just 15 minutes—way faster than I expected for a multi-fuel oven.
The design feels rugged yet lightweight, weighing just over 26 pounds, so I could move it easily around the backyard or even take it on a trip. The foldable legs and removable chimney mean packing it up is simple, which is perfect for spontaneous outdoor pizza nights or camping adventures.
The custom fuel tray is a game changer. It maximizes airflow and delivers an intense, searing flame, giving you that authentic wood-fired flavor without the mess of excess ash.
Loading up with real wood or charcoal is straightforward, and I loved how clean it stayed—no ash cleanup needed.
Cooking a pizza takes about 60 seconds once the oven hits temperature, which is just amazing. Watching the crust puff up and bubble in real-time felt like I was at a professional pizzeria.
The option to add the gas burner attachment makes it even more versatile, giving you control over the heat source.
Beyond pizza, I experimented with grilling veggies and steaks using cast iron cookware. The high heat and even cooking made everything come out perfectly—no more soggy or unevenly cooked meals outdoors.
Overall, this oven genuinely makes outdoor cooking fun and effortless, with impressive results every time.
What Features Should You Look for in the Best Reviewed Outdoor Pizza Oven?
When searching for the best reviewed outdoor pizza oven, consider the following features:
- Temperature Range: A good outdoor pizza oven should reach high temperatures, typically between 700°F to 900°F, to achieve that perfect, crispy crust.
- Construction Material: Look for ovens made of durable materials such as stainless steel or ceramic, which can withstand high heat and outdoor conditions while providing effective heat retention.
- Cooking Surface Area: The size of the cooking surface is essential, as it determines how many pizzas you can cook at once; larger ovens can accommodate multiple pizzas, making them ideal for gatherings.
- Portability: If you plan to move your pizza oven around, consider its weight and whether it has wheels or a compact design for easy transportation.
- Fuel Type: Outdoor pizza ovens can use wood, charcoal, gas, or even electricity; choose the one that best fits your cooking style and availability of fuel sources.
- Ease of Use: Features like an easy-to-read thermometer, adjustable vents for airflow, and simple ignition systems can enhance the user experience, making it easier for beginners to achieve great results.
- Cleaning and Maintenance: Check if the oven has removable parts or non-stick surfaces that simplify cleaning, as this can save time and effort after cooking.
- Accessories Included: Some ovens come with essential accessories like a pizza stone, peel, or cover; having these included can enhance your cooking experience and save you additional costs.
The temperature range is crucial because the high heat is what allows pizzas to cook quickly and develop a delicious crust, which is essential for authentic pizza. Ovens that reach these high temperatures will enable you to replicate restaurant-quality results in your backyard.
The construction material directly impacts the longevity and performance of your pizza oven. Stainless steel offers resistance to rust and weather, while ceramic can provide excellent heat distribution, ensuring your pizzas cook evenly.
The cooking surface area is vital for those who entertain frequently; a larger area allows for cooking multiple pizzas at once, which is a significant advantage during gatherings or family meals. Smaller ovens may limit you to one pizza at a time, which can be less efficient for larger groups.
Portability is important for those who have limited outdoor space or wish to take their oven on trips. Lightweight models with wheels or compact designs make it easier to relocate the oven for different occasions, enhancing its versatility.
Fuel type affects not only the flavor of the pizza but also the convenience of use. Gas models can be ignited quickly and provide consistent heat, while wood-fired ovens impart a unique smoky flavor that many pizza aficionados prefer.
Ease of use features can make a significant difference for novice cooks. Simple setups with intuitive controls and clear indicators make it easier to monitor cooking progress and make adjustments as needed, leading to better cooking outcomes.
Cleaning and maintenance are often overlooked but are crucial for ensuring the longevity of your pizza oven. Models designed with easy-to-clean components can save time and help maintain the oven’s performance over time.
Finally, included accessories can greatly enhance your pizza-making experience. Having a pizza stone helps in achieving that crispy bottom while a peel is essential for safely transferring pizzas in and out of the oven, making these accessories worthwhile considerations.
How Does the Fuel Source Impact the Performance of Outdoor Pizza Ovens?
The fuel source significantly impacts the performance of outdoor pizza ovens in terms of heating efficiency, flavor, and cooking time.
- Wood-Fired: Wood-fired pizza ovens are often considered the gold standard for outdoor cooking due to their ability to reach high temperatures quickly and impart a unique smoky flavor to the pizza. The combustion of wood creates a radiant heat that cooks the pizza evenly, producing a crispy crust and perfectly melted cheese.
- Gas: Gas-powered pizza ovens offer convenience and consistent heat levels, making them a popular choice for those who prioritize ease of use. They heat up quickly and allow for precise temperature control, which is essential for achieving the ideal cooking environment for various pizza styles.
- Charcoal: Charcoal ovens provide a balance between the flavor of wood and the convenience of gas. While they may take longer to heat up compared to gas models, the charcoal can produce a rich, smoky taste that enhances the overall pizza experience, appealing to those who enjoy traditional grilling methods.
- Electric: Electric outdoor pizza ovens are designed for users who prefer a plug-and-play option without the need for traditional fuel sources. They are typically more compact and portable but may not reach the high temperatures of wood or gas ovens, which can affect the authenticity of the pizza crust.
- Pellet: Pellet pizza ovens combine the benefits of wood and gas by utilizing compressed wood pellets as fuel. This type of oven offers the convenience of gas with the flavor profile of wood, allowing for higher temperatures and better heat retention, which is ideal for cooking Neapolitan-style pizzas.
What Cooking Capacity Is Ideal for An Outdoor Pizza Oven?
The ideal cooking capacity for an outdoor pizza oven depends on several factors including the number of pizzas you want to cook at once, the size of your gatherings, and your specific cooking needs.
- Single Pizza Capacity: An oven that can cook one pizza at a time is perfect for small gatherings or intimate family meals.
- Two-Pizza Capacity: An outdoor pizza oven that accommodates two pizzas simultaneously is ideal for medium-sized gatherings, allowing for quicker service and variety.
- Four-Pizza Capacity: Larger ovens that can handle four pizzas at once are suited for big parties or events, making it easier to serve a crowd efficiently.
- Commercial Size Capacity: For those who plan to use their pizza oven for a business or frequent large events, a commercial size that can cook multiple pizzas simultaneously is essential for high-volume production.
Single pizza capacity ovens are typically compact and easy to use, making them great for personal use. They are efficient for a quick meal but might require more time if you have guests waiting for multiple pizzas.
Two-pizza capacity ovens strike a balance, offering a moderate cooking speed while still being manageable in size. This type is great for family gatherings or small parties where a variety of pizzas are desired without a long wait time.
Four-pizza capacity ovens are designed for those who frequently host larger gatherings. They allow for a more efficient cooking process, making it possible to serve a large number of guests quickly while also offering the flexibility to experiment with different toppings and styles.
Commercial size capacity ovens are built for heavy-duty use and can accommodate multiple pizzas, making them perfect for food trucks, restaurants, or catering businesses. These ovens often come with advanced features that enhance cooking efficiency and temperature control, ensuring perfect results consistently.
Which Are the Best Reviewed Outdoor Pizza Ovens Based on Customer Feedback?
The best reviewed outdoor pizza ovens based on customer feedback include the following options:
- Ooni Koda 16: This oven is praised for its impressive heating capability and portability.
- Roccbox Portable Pizza Oven: Known for its versatility and excellent insulation, this oven is a favorite among outdoor cooking enthusiasts.
- Camp Chef Artisan Pizza Oven: This oven stands out for its affordability and compatibility with various outdoor cooking systems.
- Breville Pizzaiolo: Customers rave about its high-quality construction and ability to replicate a traditional wood-fired pizza experience.
- Pizza Party 100: This oven is celebrated for its durability and professional-grade performance, ideal for serious pizza makers.
Ooni Koda 16: The Ooni Koda 16 is widely regarded for its ability to reach temperatures of up to 932°F in just 20 minutes, allowing for quick cooking of pizzas in as little as 60 seconds. Its compact design and lightweight nature make it easy to transport, while the built-in gas burner ensures consistent heat distribution for perfect results every time.
Roccbox Portable Pizza Oven: The Roccbox is a versatile outdoor pizza oven that can be fueled by either wood or gas, which is a significant advantage for those who enjoy experimenting with different cooking methods. Its excellent insulation not only retains heat efficiently but also ensures safety with an outer shell that remains cool to the touch, making it a safe choice for outdoor gatherings.
Camp Chef Artisan Pizza Oven: This oven provides a great entry point for those looking to enjoy homemade pizzas at an affordable price. It can be easily attached to various Camp Chef outdoor cooking systems, making it a convenient option for users who already own compatible equipment, while its dual burner system allows for even heat distribution.
Breville Pizzaiolo: The Breville Pizzaiolo is an indoor/outdoor hybrid oven that replicates the high heat of a traditional pizza oven, reaching up to 750°F. Customers appreciate its precise temperature controls and built-in pizza stone, which together create a professional-quality pizza with a perfectly crispy crust.
Pizza Party 100: Renowned for its solid construction and reliable performance, the Pizza Party 100 is a favorite among professional chefs and passionate home cooks alike. This oven can reach temperatures of up to 1000°F, allowing for quick cooking times and a traditional Neapolitan pizza experience, making it a worthwhile investment for pizza enthusiasts.
How Do Popular Brands of Outdoor Pizza Ovens Rate in Quality and Efficiency?
The best reviewed outdoor pizza ovens are known for their quality, efficiency, and user satisfaction.
- Ooni Karu 16: This wood, charcoal, and gas-powered oven is lauded for its versatility and ability to reach temperatures of up to 950°F in just 20 minutes.
- Camp Chef Artisan Pizza Oven 90: Featuring a unique design that allows for even heat distribution, this oven provides excellent results with a cooking time of about 8-10 minutes per pizza.
- Roccbox by Gozney: Recognized for its portable design and high-quality construction, the Roccbox can reach temperatures of 932°F and is ideal for both wood and gas cooking.
- Blackstone Outdoor Pizza Oven: Known for its spacious cooking surface and efficient heat retention, this oven is great for making multiple pizzas simultaneously, cooking each in about 10 minutes.
- Breville Smart Oven Pizzaiolo: A countertop option that mimics a traditional pizza oven’s cooking style, it heats up to 750°F and utilizes a unique heating element for optimal pizza baking.
The Ooni Karu 16 stands out for its fuel versatility, making it a favorite among outdoor cooking enthusiasts who appreciate the ability to switch between wood, charcoal, and gas. Its high-temperature capabilities also ensure that pizzas are cooked quickly and evenly, achieving that perfect crispy crust.
Camp Chef Artisan Pizza Oven 90 is celebrated for its patented design that promotes even heat distribution, which is crucial for cooking pizzas thoroughly. The oven’s quick preheat time and efficient cooking method allow users to enjoy delicious homemade pizzas in a fraction of the time compared to traditional methods.
The Roccbox by Gozney combines portability with professional-grade performance, making it ideal for backyard gatherings or camping trips. Its dual-fuel feature, allowing for both wood and gas operation, provides flexibility while ensuring consistent, high-temperature cooking for perfectly baked pizzas.
Blackstone Outdoor Pizza Oven is popular for its large cooking area, which can accommodate multiple pizzas at once, making it perfect for family gatherings or parties. Its heat retention capability ensures that pizzas are cooked evenly and efficiently, with an average cooking time that keeps the process quick and enjoyable.
Breville Smart Oven Pizzaiolo offers an innovative approach to pizza making, simulating the intense heat of a traditional brick oven in a compact countertop appliance. Its ability to reach high temperatures and specific cooking modes tailored for pizza ensure that users can achieve restaurant-quality results at home.
What Price Ranges Can You Expect for the Best Reviewed Outdoor Pizza Ovens?
The price ranges for the best reviewed outdoor pizza ovens can vary significantly based on features, materials, and brand reputation.
- Entry-Level ($100 – $300): These models are typically made of basic materials and may have limited features, but they can still produce decent pizzas. They are suitable for casual users who want to enjoy homemade pizza without investing too much. Brands in this range often include portable options that are easy to set up and use for backyard gatherings.
- Mid-Range ($300 – $700): This category usually offers better build quality and additional features such as higher temperature capabilities and more durable materials. Ovens in this price range often come with improved insulation and cooking surfaces, allowing for more consistent heat distribution. They are ideal for enthusiasts who want to elevate their outdoor cooking experience without breaking the bank.
- High-End ($700 – $1,500): High-end outdoor pizza ovens are built with premium materials and advanced technology, providing exceptional cooking performance. Many models in this range are designed for serious pizza lovers and include features like stone cooking surfaces, multiple fuel options, and greater temperature control. They are often larger and can handle more pizzas at once, making them perfect for entertaining a crowd.
- Professional ($1,500 and above): Professional-grade outdoor pizza ovens are designed for commercial use or serious enthusiasts who demand the best quality and performance. These ovens are typically made from high-grade stainless steel and offer superior insulation and heat retention, allowing for rapid cooking. They often come with specialized features like wood-fired capabilities and can reach extremely high temperatures, making them suitable for pizzerias and outdoor kitchens.
What Accessories Can Enhance Your Outdoor Pizza Oven Experience?
Several accessories can significantly enhance your outdoor pizza oven experience.
- Pizza Peel: A pizza peel is an essential tool for placing and removing pizzas from the oven. Its flat, wide surface allows for easy transfer, and a long handle keeps your hands safe from the heat.
- Pizza Stone: A pizza stone retains heat and distributes it evenly, resulting in a perfectly crisp crust. It absorbs moisture from the dough, which helps achieve that authentic pizzeria texture.
- Pizza Cutter: A good-quality pizza cutter makes slicing your freshly baked pizza effortless and ensures clean cuts. Look for a wheel or rocker-style cutter for the best results.
- Heat-Resistant Gloves: These gloves protect your hands when handling hot equipment or pizzas. Heat-resistant gloves provide better dexterity than traditional oven mitts, allowing you to maneuver safely in a hot environment.
- Infrared Thermometer: An infrared thermometer allows you to accurately measure the oven’s temperature. This tool is crucial for achieving the correct cooking conditions and ensuring your pizza cooks evenly.
- Outdoor Prep Table: An outdoor prep table provides a designated space for assembling and topping your pizzas. This convenience keeps your ingredients organized and within reach, making the cooking process more efficient.
- Pizza Oven Brush: A pizza oven brush is essential for maintaining your oven’s cleanliness. It helps remove ash and food debris from the cooking surface, ensuring optimal performance and flavor for your next pizza.
- Cover or Storage Bag: Protecting your pizza oven with a cover or storage bag is important for prolonging its lifespan. These accessories shield the oven from the elements, preventing rust and wear when not in use.